• Culex quinquefasciatus---night time-active
• Culex pipiens molestus---unrestricted
• Culex tritaeniorhynchus---night time-active
• Culex annulus---night time-active
• Aedes aegypti---daytime-active
• Aedes albopictus---daytime-active
• Armigeres subalbatus---active in night time, less active in daytime
• Anopheles minimus---night time-active
• Anopheles sinensis---night time-active
1. Filariasis--- Culex quinquefasciatus as the vector
2. Encephalitis---Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Culex annulus as the vector
3. Dengue---Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus as the vector
4. Malaria---Anopheles minimus as the vector
• Culex quinquefasciatus--- Water or artificial container containing higher organic matter. For example, sink, drain, sewer, septic tank.
• Culex pipiens molestus---Basement of building, unsealed septic tank, basement of construction site.
• Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Culex annulus---Paddy field, reservoir, small stream.
• Aedes aegypti---Clear stagnant water in artificial container, such as sink, water tank, scrap tires, pail, vase, garden pots water tray, bottles.
• Aedes albopictus---Similar to aedes aegypti. Also, natural water stagnation like hollow tree trunks, bamboo tubes and rock caves are their favourites.
• Armigeres subalbatus---Spetic tank, urine bucket, wastewater of pig shed
• Anopheles minimus---Grass by the water, clean and slow-flowing rivulet, irrigation ditch and drain.
• Anopheles sinensis---full sun, dirty water, warm water temperature, wider area and stagnant water. For examples, paddy field, water chestnut field, lotus field.
1. Organize the environment, whole nation should work together!
Eliminating the breeding areas of mosquito is the fundamental way.
2. Physical ways of preventing:
Use electric killer to kill adult mosquito
Use sticky trap to catch adult mosquito
Having barrier protection against adult mosquito, such as mosquito net, window screen and screen door.
3. Chemical control methods:
Using aerial spraying method assorting chemical and ecological control methods will help to control.
4. Physiological control methods:
Using insect growth regulator
5. Biological control method:
Use natural predators and parasitoids against mosquito.
Use once every three hours.
• Underground house mosquitoes has the ability to mate without the need to swarm and by dropping the requirement of a blood meal to develop the first batch of eggs. This phenomenon known as autogeny is unique among mosquitoes!
• Do you know that male mosquitoes are not bloodsuckers? This is due to its’ bushy “mustache”!
Dengue is an infectious disease caused by dengue viruses. Based on the antigenicity of dengue viruses, it can be divided into 1,2,3,4 types
• Dengue viruses can only be detected in human, monkeys and infective mosquitoes.
• The vectors of dengue are Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus.
• The dengue viruses are passed on to humans through the bites of infective mosquito.
• After 8 to 15 days of an mosquito biting a dengue patient (infectious from the day before having fever until the fever breaks), it will then have the ability to transmitting viruses for it’s whole life span.
1. Dengue Fever
2. Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever
a. Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever
b. Dengue Shock Syndrome
1. The symptoms of Dengue Fever are fever (39℃ to 40℃) or aversion to cold, rash along with limbs ache, muscle pain, forehead pain and pain behind the eyes, etc.
2. The symptoms of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever are mainly fever, headache, muscle pain, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, nose bleeding, gastrointestinal bleeding, uterus bleeding, blood in urine, and rash in recovery period, etc.
The symptoms of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever and Dengue Fever are similar. The biggest difference is that the latter has plasma leakage. Ascites and pleural effusion can be detected. These complication is rare for Dengue Fever.
Severe plasma leakage can result in hypovolemic shock (dengue shock syndrome). This is when patient have signs of cold clammy skin, cold limbs, restlessness, rapid weak pulse, and narrowing of the pulse pressure (<20mmHg). If this hypovolemic shock was not diagnosed early and treated with suitable fluid resuscitation, it will be life threatening.
The leakage of plasma due to Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever occurs 24 to 48 hours after the patient’s fever drops. In this period of time, doctors will instructs family members to pay attention on patient’s conditions. If patient have signs of cold clammy skin, cold limbs, restlessness, immediately bring the patient to doctor. Never think that it is normal for patient to be weaker and everything will be fine after the fever drops.
The critical phase to treat Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever is when the fever nearly breaks, or 24 to 48 hours after the fever drops, leakage of plasma might occur.
1. Dengue Fever:
Children and elderlies are less likely to suffer from this compare to adults. The mortality rate is less than 1%.
2. Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever:
Infected rate of infants under 1 year old and children from 2 to 8 years old are the highest. If prompt treatment was not provided, mortality rate could be more than 15-50%.
1. Avoid mosquito bites in day time.
2. Install window screen and screen door.
3. When dengue outbreaks occur, sleep under a mosquito bed net.
4. Place mosquito zapper at indoor dim areas.
5. Choose and buy registered eco-friendly insect repellent, apply to dim areas of house. Do not use it when unnecessary.
6. Clear any stagnant water in containers, stop mosquito from breeding is the essential way of prevention.
★ Note:
1. Patients suffered from dengue should have enough rest, drink plenty of fluids, giving highest cooperation to the doctors, follow the doctor’s directions when taking medicine. Most people will recover gradually after about a week, without any after-effect.
2. If mosquito bites on patient during illness, the virus will be transmitted and carried by the mosquito, and when the mosquito bites others, others can be infected too. To prevent spreading of viruses to others, patient should hang a mosquito bed net and keep the environment clean to stop mosquito from breeding.